King amenhotep iii biography of abraham lincoln

Amenhotep claimed that his true father was the god Amunwho had taken the form of Thutmose IV to father a child with Mutemwiya. Tiye was the Great Royal Wife throughout Amenhotep's reign. Many commemorative scarabs were commissioned and distributed during Amenhotep's reign. On the "marriage scarabs," Amenhotep affirmed his divine power and the legitimacy of his wife.

In addition, several daughters are frequently credited to the couple: SitamunHenuttanebIsetNebetahand Beketaten. Amenhotep is also sometimes credited as the father of Smenkhkare or Tutankhamunwith varying proposals for their mothers, but these theories are not as accepted as his other, known children. In addition to Tiye, Amenhotep had several other wives.

Finally, he married at least two of his daughters, Sitamun and Iset, in the last decade of his reign. Jar-label inscriptions from Regnal Year 30 indicate that Sitamun was elevated to the status of Great Royal Wife by that time. Amenhotep probably became pharaoh when he was between the ages of 6 and While it is likely that a regent would have ruled until he came of age, none is attested in the surviving records.

In Regnal Year 11, Amenhotep commanded the construction of an artificial lake at Tiye's hometown of Djakaru. He then celebrated a Festival of Opening the Lake in the third month of Inundation, day sixteen, and rowed the royal barge Aten-tjehen on the lake. This event was commemorated on at least eleven commemorative scarabs. From other scarabs, Amenhotep is known to have killed either or lions in the first ten years of his reign.

Despite the martial prowess Amenhotep displayed during the hunt, he is known to have participated in only one military incident. In Regnal Year Five, he led a victorious campaign against a rebellion in Kush. The official account of Amenhotep's military victory emphasizes his martial prowess with the hyperbole typical of the period.

There is a significant attestation for the court officials who served during Amenhotep's reign, primarily through the discovery of their tombs in the Theban Necropolis. Among these court officials were the viziers RamoseAmenhotepApereland Ptahmose. Amenhotep, son of Hapu held many offices during the reign of Amenhotep the pharaoh, but is best known for receiving the right to build his mortuary temple behind that of the king.

Originally, the palace was known as the Palace of the Dazzling Aten. Built mostly out of mud-brick, it was Amenhotep's residence throughout most of the later part of his reign. Construction began around Regnal Year 11 and continued until the king moved to the palace permanently around Regnal Year Once completed, it was the largest royal residence in Egypt.

Based on indications left by Queen Tiye's steward Khenruef, the festival may have lasted two to eight months. Amenhotep wanted his Sed Festivals to be far more spectacular than those of the past. Temples were built and statues erected up and down the Nile.

King amenhotep iii biography of abraham lincoln

Craftsmen and jewelers created ornaments commentating the event including jewelry, ornaments, and stelae. Beside him, Amenhotep-Hapu mirrored his effort like a royal shadow. When moving to another venue, the banner of the jackal god Wepwawet, "Opener of Ways" preceded the King. The king changed his costume at each major activity of the celebration.

One of the major highlights of the festival was the king's dual coronation. He was enthroned separately for Upper and Lower Egypt. For Upper Egypt, Amenhotep wore the white crown but changed to the red crown for the Lower Egypt coronation. After the Sed festival, Amenhotep transcended from being a near-god to one divine. Those who survived used the celebration as the affirmation of transition to divinity.

Diplomatic correspondence from Amenhotep's reign are partially preserved in the Amarna Lettersa collection of documents found near the city of Amarna. The letters come from the rulers of AssyriaMitanniBabylonHattiand other states, typically including requests by those rulers for gold and other gifts from Amenhotep. The letters cover the period from Year 30 of Amenhotep until at least the end of Akhenaten 's reign.

In Amarna Letter EA 4Amenhotep is quoted by the Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil I in firmly rejecting the latter's entreaty to marry one of this pharaoh's daughters:. From time immemorial, no daughter of the king of Egy[pt] is given to anyone. Amenhotep's refusal to allow one of his daughters to be married to the Babylonian monarch may indeed have followed from Egyptian royal custom, which allowed a claim upon the throne through descent from a royal princess.

It could also be viewed as a diplomatic stratagem to enhance Egypt's prestige, as Amenhotep himself married the daughters of several foreign rulers while refusing them his own daughters. The Amarna Letters also reference the exchange between Amenhotep and the Mitanni King Tushratta of the statue of a healing goddess, Ishtar of Ninevehlate in Amenhotep's reign.

Scholars have generally assumed that the statue's sojourn to Egypt was requested by Amenhotep in order to cure him of his various ailments, which included painful abscesses in his teeth. Moran 's analysis of Amarna Letter EA 23relating to the dispatch of the statue to Thebes, discounts this theory. The arrival of the statue is known to have coincided with Amenhotep's marriage with TadukhepaTushratta 's daughter, in the pharaoh's 36th year; letter EA 23's arrival in Egypt is dated to "regnal year 36, the fourth month of winter, day 1" of his reign.

Instead, Tushratta writes in part:. Now, in the time, too, of my father, May my brother honor her, [then] at [his] pleasure let her go so that she may come back. And let us act as friends. The likeliest explanation is that the statue was sent to Egypt "to shed her blessings on the wedding of Amenhotep and Tadukhepa, as she had been sent previously for Amenhotep and Gilukhepa.

In the 14th century BCE, the pharaoh sent an expedition to Cyprus to establish Egyptian control over the island, which was subsequently maintained for several centuries. During this time, the Egyptians established a number of settlements on the island, and they exported copper and other raw materials from Cyprus to Egypt in exchange for luxury goods and other commodities.

Amenhotep was ultimately succeeded by his second son, who ascended the throne as Amenhotep IV and later took the name Akhenaten. Lawrence Berman has claimed that proponents of the coregency theory tended to be art historians, while historians remained unconvinced. Eric ClineNicholas ReevesPeter Dormanand other scholars argue strongly against the establishment of a long coregency between the two rulers and in favor of either no coregency or one of at most two years.

RedfordWilliam J. MurnaneAlan Gardinerand Lawrence Berman contest the view of any coregency whatsoever between Akhenaten and his father. The subject of the letter involves a complaint from the Mitannian king Tushratta, claiming that Amenhotep IV did not honor his father's promise to send Tushratta gold statues as part of the marriage arrangement between Tadukhepaand Amenhotep III.

Achievements Add photo. Membership Add photo. Awards Add photo. Other Photos Add photo. Connections Add photo. View map. Malkata, Egypt. Official Titles Pharaoh. He did this by suppressing the worship of Amun. All in all, mummies of eighteen Egyptian kings and four Egyptian queens were moved. October 11, Your email address will not be published.

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How did Captain James Cook die? Most Famous Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. Despite the abundance of this evidence, Amenhotep III still remains a figure that is largely mysterious and contradictory. On one hand, he revered the traditional Egyptian gods and built luxurious temples for them, but on the other hand, it was during his reign that the roots of the upcoming Amarna reform were laid when royal self-deification reached unprecedented levels.

Hundreds of his portraits are known, however, along with this, there is a lack of written sources about his reign for many years. Despite the seeming accessibility and variety of monuments from this time and the conditional "clarity" of the era, the reign of Amenhotep III still requires serious and detailed research. Dated sources that have survived from the reign of Amenhotep III are relatively rare.

There are eleven dated royal documents, nine of which belong to the period from the first to the eleventh year of his reign, and two others belong to the thirty-fifth year. The inscription from the first year of his reign is known in Deir el-Bersha, not far from the limestone quarries; this inscription is associated with construction work in the temple of Thoth in Hermopolis, located on the other side of the Nile.

The double inscription from the second year in Tura is associated with the resumption of king amenhotep iii biography of abraham lincoln in the quarries in connection with the construction of the "Temple of Millions of Years" of the king in Kom el-Hettan and possibly in Memphis. Four monuments among the dated ones are commemorative scarabs, with texts mentioning: marriage to a Mitannian princess tenth yearhunting wild bulls second yearhunting wild lions first and tenth yearsand the creation of the artificial lake Birket Abu for Queen Tiye eleventh year.

Finally, three stelae from the fifth year of his reign are connected to the only military event of Amenhotep III's time - the campaign in Nubia. After the eleventh year of his reign, all dated monuments seem to disappear until the thirty-fifth year, which is mentioned on two stelae from Gebel el-Silsila, whose texts narrate the extraction of stone for the funerary temple of the king and the construction of a building in honor of Ra-Atum.

It is difficult to understand why two decades of relative "silence" followed the first eleven years of Amenhotep III's reign, filled with events and monuments. Some documents that can be relatively accurately dated appear after the thirtieth year of the king's reign and are directly related to the three Sed festivals; they have been found either in the tombs of high-ranking officials who took part in them or in the ruins of the Malkata palace, where some episodes of the celebrations took place.

Numerous seals and fragments of wine vessels used during the festivities, containing inscriptions and sometimes dates, have been discovered here. If the majority of Amenhotep III's reign is relatively silent and lacks dated documents, many important events of his reign are known thanks to the extensive number of private and courtly monuments. The dated monuments of the reign of Amenhotep III seem like a small drop in the ocean compared to the sea of other monuments, which can be divided into two groups: works of art and the Amarna diplomatic archive.

Works of art constitute another, most significant and interesting part of the monuments of the reign of Amenhotep III. They include grand temples of the king and numerous sculptures, among which over two hundred statues of the king occupy a special place, ranging from miniature figurines made of steatite to the colossi of Thebes. Private monuments, despite their abundance and sometimes true perfection, have been overshadowed by the grand monuments of the king.

The only exceptions are perhaps the tombs, among which there are both modest painted burial chambers of scribes and priests of the necropolis, and exquisite underground palaces richly decorated with reliefs, often polychrome, depicting the life of high-ranking court officials and the Sed festivals. Amenhotep III was born in Thebes.